• br Introduction Heart failure HF is a chronically

  2023-08-03

  

  Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a chronically progressive disease and one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide despite recent improvements in its treatment [1], [2], [3]. The mortality and morbidity benefits of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) are wel

• The proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL

  2023-08-03

  

  The proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1, mediate acute and chronic inflammation and play a role in the development of hypertension [2, [51], [52], [53]], cardiovascular diseases [4, 54] and renal injury [55, 56] in animal models and humans. Concerning the possi

• br Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives Herein we

  2023-08-02

  

  Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives Herein, we have highlighted our current understanding of the role of the LKB1-AMPK pathway and its related kinases in β cell biology. β cell-specific genetic models have been particularly useful in delineating precise roles for individual family members

• br Competing interests br Acknowledgments This research

  2023-08-02

  

  Competing interests Acknowledgments This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2014R1A4A1071040). Introduction Mitochondria occupy an important position as mediators of

• Another class of AMPK regulator

  2023-08-02

  

  Another class of AMPK regulator is peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) NIMA-interacting 1 (Pin1), which binds to a number of proteins and regulates oncogenesis and metabolic diseases (Khanal et al., 2013; Zhou and Lu, 2016). Pin1 has been shown to bind to and inhibit AMPK; therefore, at lea

• Meleagrin The finding that OCT is expressed in the nucleus

  2023-08-02

  

  The finding that OCT3 is expressed in the nucleus accumbens (Gasser et al., 2009) suggests that inhibition of this transporter may underlie previously described effects of glucocorticoids on extracellular DA concentrations and indicates that DA clearance in this region is not mediated exclusively by

• Cancers that responded to immune checkpoint inhibitors

  2023-08-02

  

  Cancers that responded to immune checkpoint inhibitors were shown to present a type I interferon (IFN) signature in the TME 33, 34. Type I IFNs positively regulate the expression of tumor antigens and their crosspresentation by DCs to tumoricidal CTLs. Furthermore, CD8+ T cell develops full effector

• The role of circulating physiologic concentrations of FGF in

  2023-08-02

  

  The role of circulating physiologic concentrations of FGF21 in glucose metabolism, however, remains unclear. Circulating FGF21 levels in obese and diabetic rodents, and in patients with type 2 diabetes are significantly higher than those in controls without diabetes [4], [5], [6]. On the other hand,

• Neural progenitor cells NPCs are self renewing multipotent c

  2023-08-02

  

  Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are self-renewing, multipotent cells that are capable of differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. NPCs are activated in response to a variety of pathological states in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis,

• br Therapeutic advantages and clinical implications of caffe

  2023-08-02

  

  Therapeutic advantages and clinical implications of caffeine treatment in ROP The demonstration of the role of the adenosine receptor in development of ROP and protection by caffeine suggests two potential therapeutic strategies with high translational potential: a) modification of caffeine treat

• As noted earlier the PfkB

  2023-08-02

  

  As noted earlier, the PfkB family of carbohydrate kinases can phosphorylate the hydroxymethyl group of a wide variety of sugar moieties [1], [3]. Recent searches of the Swiss-Prot database with the two conserved sequence motifs found in these proteins (Accession nos. PS00583 and PS00584) identified

• The results show that a tonic action of

  2023-08-01

  

  The results show that a tonic action of ACh on respiration is lacking. However, it is clear that muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms can modulate both eupneic breathing and the cough reflex. When these mechanisms are brought into action is obscure and only tentative proposals can be advanced. ACh in t

• br Difference between ACh and ER tests There

  2023-08-01

  

  Difference between ACh and ER tests There are few reports concerning the provoked spasm between ER and ACh in the same patients [51], [52], [53]. Different mediators may have the potential of different coronary responses. In our experience, spasm provoked by intracoronary injection of ER is focal

• Altiratinib br Discussion Here we focused on

  2023-08-01

  

  Discussion Here, we focused on seven plant alkaloids extracted from yokukansan. These alkaloids individually inhibited 5-HT-mediated 5-HT3A and 5-HT3AB receptor currents weakly. Simultaneous administration of these alkaloids, however, inhibited the 5-HT3A and 5-HT3AB receptor currents strongly. T

• Although plant Aurora kinases can be clearly grouped

  2023-08-01

  

  Although plant Aurora kinases can be clearly grouped into functional clades, the roles of the respective clades does not seem to be evolutionarily conserved. AtAurora 1 labels kinetochore microtubules [19], similarly to mammalian Aurora A, while its targeting to the cell plate resembles features of

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